> *Opening Remarks: Hacking and Digital 
> Dissidence*.............................. 1
>   1.1 Using Computers for the Pursuit of Political and Social
> Changes and for the Bene fi t of All Mankind 
> ..................................... 1
>   1.2 From Early Hackers to Digital Resistance Activities 
> ........................ 5
>   1.3 The So-Called /Twitter Revolutions/ 
> .................................................... 7
>   1.4 The Worldwide Scenario, and Some Preliminary
> Interpretative Questions 
> ..................................................................... 9
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 22
> *  2 Digital Resistance, Digital Liberties and Digital Transparency* 
> ........... 27
>   2.1 A Preliminary De fi nition of /Digital Resistance/
> and /Digital Liberties/ 
> .......................................................................... 
> 27
>   2.1.1 Some Focal Aspects of Digital Dissidence 
> ............................ 27
>   2.1.2 Preliminary Legal and Political Remarks 
> .............................. 28
>   2.1.3 The Power of Technology in Critical Contexts
> and the New Public Sphere 
> .................................................... 30
>   2.2 The Fundamental Role of a Secure (and Peer-Reviewed)
> Liberation Technology: The /Haystack/  Case-History 
> ......................... 32
>   2.3 Two Key Aspects of Digital Resistance Activities,
> and Several Case Studies 
> ................................................................... 36
>   2.3.1 The Key Aspects of Dissident Activities 
> ............................... 36
>   2.3.2 Digital Resistance Case-Studies 
> ............................................. 41
>   2.4 Open Government, Collaborative Transparency
> and Civic Hacking as a Form of Digital Resistance 
> .......................... 47
>   2.4.1 The Idea of Government as a Platform
> for 
> Transparency..................................................................... 
> 47
>   2.4.2 The Metaphor of Government 2.0 and the Idea
> of Collaborative Transparency 
> ............................................... 49
>   2.4.3 Citizen Engagement for the Oversight
> of Political Activity 
> ................................................................ 51
>   2.4.4 Collaborative Mapping and Digital Resistance 
> ...................... 59
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 68
> *  3 Hacking and Digital Dissidence Activities* 
> .............................................. 73
>     3.1 The Role of Hackers in the Landscape of Digital Resistance 
> .......... 73
>     3.2 A First Analysis of Common Threats to Digital
> Freedom and to Hacker Activities 
> ................................................... 74
>     3.3 Being a Hacker in This Framework 
> ................................................. 76
>    3.3.1 Thinking Like a Hacker 
> ....................................................... 76
>    3.3.2 State Antagonism, Fear and Violence 
> .................................. 79
>     3.4 A Brand New Playground 
> ................................................................ 81
>    3.4.1 Liberation Technologies 
> ....................................................... 81
>    3.4.2 Anonymity and Bloggers' Rights 
> ........................................ 84
>    3.4.3 Innovation 
> ............................................................................ 
> 86
>    3.4.4 Intellectual Property and Privacy 
> ......................................... 86
>    3.4.5 EPIC Activities in the Field of Privacy 
> ................................ 88
>    3.4.6 Transparency 
> ........................................................................ 
> 89
>     3.5 A New Perspective on Hacking 
> ....................................................... 90
>    3.5.1 The Essence of hacking 
> ....................................................... 90
>    3.5.2 The Hacker Spirit and Some Lessons
> from the  Ushahidi  Project 
> .................................................... 91
>    3.5.3 A New Breed of Hackers 
> ..................................................... 94
>     3.6 The/Do-It-Yourself/ Approach 
> ........................................................... 97
>     3.7 The Hacker Ethic 
> ............................................................................. 
> 99
>     3.8 Hacking and Crime 
> .......................................................................... 
> 101
>     3.9 Threats to Hackers 
> ........................................................................... 
> 105
>    3.9.1 The EFF Report Unintended Consequences 
> ........................ 105
>    3.9.2 Some Signi fi cant Recent Legal Cases:
> Cease-and-Desist Actions 
> .................................................... 106
>    3.10 Hacking Electronic Voting Machines
> for the Purpose of Transparency 
> ...................................................... 117
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 122
> *  4 Digital Resistance, Digital Liberties and Human Rights* 
> ....................... 125
>     4.1 Internet and Human Rights 
> .............................................................. 125
>     4.2 Internet and the/Universal Declaration of Human Rights/ 
> ............... 130
>     4.3 The Council of Europe and the Human Rights Guidelines
> for Internet Service Providers: The Role of ISPs
> in Human Rights Environments and Protection 
> ............................... 133
>     4.4 The WSIS Declaration of Principles 
> ................................................ 134
>     4.5 The 2011 United Nations Report on the Promotion
> and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion
> and Expression 
> ................................................................................. 
> 137
>     4.6 A Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet 
> ............ 144
>  4.7 The "Bill of Rights" Projects 
> ........................................................... 152
>    4.7.1 The Internet Bill of Rights Drafted
> within the IGF Works 
> ........................................................... 152
>    4.7.2 The Internet Rights and Principles Dynamic
> Coalition Bill of Rights 
> ........................................................ 154
>     4.7.3 A Bill of Rights in Cyberspace 
> ............................................ 155
>     4.7.4 The EFF  Bill of Privacy Rights
> for/Social Network Users/ 
> ..................................................... 156
>    4.8 A Human Rights Approach to the Mobile Internet 
> ............................ 157
>    4.9 The Relationship Between Human Rights and Technology
> Sales to Oppressive Regimes 
> ............................................................. 159
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 159
> *  5 The Use of Liberation Technology* 
> ........................................................... 161
>    5.1 Technical Resistance Tactics 
> .............................................................. 161
>    5.2 Surveillance Self-Defense or Self-Defense Against
> Surveillance and Monitoring 
> .............................................................. 167
>    5.3 A Recent Circumvention Tool Usage Report 
> .................................... 169
>    5.4 Tools and Guides 
> ................................................................................ 
> 171
>     5.4.1 Leaping Over the Firewall: A Review of Censorship
> Circumvention Tools by/Freedom House/............................. 171
>     5.4.2 Ten Fundamental Aspects of a Typical Liberation
> Technology Tool 
> .................................................................. 176
>     5.4.3 An Interesting (Comparative) Article
> on Real Anonimity of VPN Systems Users ......................... 180
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 184
> *  6 Digital Activism, Internet Control, Transparency,*
> *Censorship, Surveillance and Human Rights:
> An International Perspective* 
> ................................................................... 187
>    6.1 An Introductory Overview 
> ................................................................. 187
>     6.1.1 The Global  OpenNet Initiative Analysis 
> .............................. 187
>     6.1.2 Techniques and Tools Commonly Used to Censor .............. 201
>    6.2 An Analysis of Several Countries with Critical
> Human Rights Issues 
> .......................................................................... 
> 203
>     6.2.1 Burma: Internet and Human Rights in a Particular
> Technological, Political and Legal Framework ................... 203
>     6.2.2 Cuba: Internet Control, User Restrictions, Legal
> and Regulatory Frameworks, Blogosphere,
> Digital Dissidents and Civil Society 
> .................................... 214
>     6.2.3 South Korea: Digital Resistance Issues 
> ............................... 227
>     6.2.4 Saudi Arabia: The Digital Liberties Landscape 
> ................... 230
>     6.2.5 Syria: Digital Liberties Issues 
> .............................................. 233
>     6.2.6 Iran: Internet and Digital Liberties Issues 
> ............................ 239
>     6.2.7 China: The Internet and Types and Levels
> of Chinese Internet Censorship 
> ............................................ 247
>  6.2.8 Turkmenistan: Censorship and Control 
> ............................... 259
>     6.2.9 Uzbekistan: Internet, Censorship and Surveillance 
> ............. 262
>    6.2.10 Vietnam: Digital Resistance and Censorship 
> ....................... 269
>    6.2.11 Australia: Internet Filtering Policies, Digital Liberties
> and Circumvention Tools 
> ..................................................... 273
>    6.2.12 Iceland: Digital Resistance Issues
> and Freedom of Information 
> ................................................ 279
>    6.2.13 India: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Information
> and Electronic Censorship 
> ................................................... 283
>    6.2.14 Russia. Internet and Human Rights: Political
> and Technological Frameworks 
> ........................................... 290
>    6.2.15 North Korea: The Main Digital Liberties Issues 
> .................. 295
>    6.3 Revolts and Digital Dissidence in Egypt and Tunisia:
> Where It All Began 
> ............................................................................ 
> 301
>     6.3.1 A Brief Summary of Digital Dissidence in Egypt 
> ............... 301
>     6.3.2 A Brief Summary of Digital Dissidence in Tunisia 
> ............. 303
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 304
> *  7 Conclusions: The Landscape of Digital Liberties and the Future* 
> ........ 309
>    7.1 Human Rights in the Digital Era and the Role of Law 
> ...................... 309
>    7.2 Technology as an/Antibody/ 
> ................................................................ 311
>    7.3 The Technological Scenario 
> ............................................................... 313
>    7.4 The Relationships Between Hacking and Digital Resistance 
> ............ 314
>   References 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 315
> * Author 
> Index*.................................................................................................... 
> 317
> *Subject Index* 
> ................................................................................................... 
> 321